Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus. It may be advised for fibroids, heavy bleeding that has not responded to other treatment, adenomyosis, prolapse, severe endometriosis or cancer. The ovaries and tubes may be kept or removed depending on the reason and the woman's age.
At Apex, women seeking a gynaecologist in Mumbai to care for this operation are examined, and ultrasound, blood tests and occasionally a biopsy are done first. The operation can be performed through the vagina, through keyhole incisions or through an abdominal cut, based on the uterus size, the condition and previous surgery. It is done under general or spinal anaesthesia.
After a hysterectomy, periods stop and pregnancy is no longer possible. Most women stay in hospital for a few days, walk early and avoid heavy lifting for about six weeks.
How the Procedure Can Help
It can end heavy bleeding and pain, treat prolapse and remove diseased tissue, often giving lasting relief.
Risks and Considerations
Risks include bleeding, infection, blood clots, injury to the bladder, ureters or bowel and anaesthesia problems. If the ovaries are removed, menopause begins early. Fever, heavy bleeding, severe pain, or leg swelling afterwards require urgent attention.
Myomectomy removes fibroids while keeping the uterus. It is chosen for women with fibroids who have heavy bleeding, pain or pressure symptoms, or difficulty conceiving, and who wish to retain their fertility.
The surgeon reviews ultrasound or MRI to map the number, size and position of the fibroids. Methods include hysteroscopic removal for fibroids inside the cavity, laparoscopic removal and open surgery for large or multiple fibroids. Blood loss is minimised with careful technique and medication, and the womb wall is repaired in layers.
Recovery depends on the method, ranging from a few days to several weeks. Women are usually advised to wait a few months before trying to conceive. After deep fibroid removal, a caesarean delivery may be recommended in later pregnancy.
How the Procedure Can Help
It relieves heavy bleeding and pressure, and it may improve the chance of conception where fibroids were the cause.
Risks and Considerations
Risks include bleeding, adhesions, infection and injury to nearby organs. Fibroids can grow back, and in rare cases a hysterectomy becomes necessary. Heavy bleeding, fever or worsening pain afterwards needs prompt review.
Dilation and curettage opens the cervix gently and removes tissue from the uterine lining by scraping or suction. It is used to investigate abnormal bleeding, to remove tissue left after a miscarriage and to treat some other womb conditions.
The doctor explains the reason beforehand, and an ultrasound and blood tests are done. The procedure is performed under anaesthesia and takes a short time. The tissue removed is often sent to the laboratory for examination.
Women usually go home the same day. Light bleeding and cramping are common for a few days. Pads, not tampons, are advised, and the doctor says when to resume intercourse and normal activity.
How the Procedure Can Help
It can help find the cause of abnormal bleeding, clear retained tissue after a miscarriage, and relieve heavy bleeding in some cases.
Risks and Considerations
Risks include infection, bleeding, injury to the uterus and, rarely, scarring inside the womb that can affect periods and fertility. Fever, foul-smelling discharge, heavy bleeding, or severe pain afterwards all need urgent attention.
Hysteroscopy allows the doctor to look inside the uterine cavity using a thin camera passed through the vagina and cervix. It is used to investigate heavy or irregular bleeding, bleeding after menopause, repeated miscarriage and difficulty conceiving.
At Apex, the procedure may be done as a short diagnostic check or as an operative treatment. Fluid or gas gently expands the cavity so the lining can be seen on a screen. If a polyp, small fibroid, adhesion or septum is found, it can often be removed during the same sitting. Anaesthesia ranges from none or local to general, depending on the purpose.
Most women go home the same day. Mild cramps and light bleeding for a few days are usual.
How the Procedure Can Help
It shows problems that ultrasound may miss, allows biopsy and treats certain conditions without an abdominal cut.
Risks and Considerations
Risks include infection, bleeding, injury to the uterus and, rarely, problems from the fluid used to expand the cavity. Fever, heavy bleeding, severe pain, or foul discharge afterwards require urgent attention.
Pelvic laparoscopy is keyhole surgery for the organs of the pelvis. Through small incisions in the abdomen, a thin camera and fine instruments are passed. It is used to diagnose and treat endometriosis, ovarian cysts, ectopic pregnancy, adhesions, blocked tubes, fibroids and unexplained pelvic pain.
Women seeking laparoscopic gynaecology in Mumbai are first assessed through examination and imaging. The operation is performed under general anaesthesia. Gas is used to lift the abdominal wall and give working space, and the surgeon treats the problem while watching a magnified view on the screen.
Many women go home the same day or the next. Shoulder-tip pain from the gas, bloating and mild wound soreness settle within a few days. Light activity is encouraged early.
How the Procedure Can Help
It gives a direct view of the pelvis, allows treatment in the same sitting, and usually means smaller scars and quicker recovery than open surgery.
Risks and Considerations
Risks include injury to the bowel, bladder or blood vessels, bleeding, infection and the need to convert to an open operation. Increasing abdominal pain, fever, vomiting or wound discharge afterwards needs urgent review.
Colposcopy is a detailed examination of the cervix, vagina and vulva using a magnifying instrument. It is advised after an abnormal Pap smear or HPV test, or when the cervix looks unusual on examination.
The woman lies about a Pap test. A speculum is placed, and the cervix is washed with a mild solution that makes abnormal areas easier to see. The colposcope stays outside the body. If an abnormal area is seen, a small biopsy is taken, which can cause a brief pinching sensation. The visit usually lasts about fifteen to twenty minutes.
After a biopsy, light spotting or a dark discharge can last a few days. Doctors commonly advise avoiding tampons and intercourse for about a week. Results are discussed once the laboratory report is ready.
How the Procedure Can Help
It detects precancerous changes early, when treatment is simple and highly effective.
Risks and Considerations
Risks are small and include mild bleeding, cramping and, rarely, infection. Heavy bleeding, fever or foul-smelling discharge afterwards needs prompt attention.
LEEP removes abnormal tissue from the cervix using a thin wire loop carrying a low electrical current. It treats precancerous changes in the cervix found on colposcopy and biopsy so that they do not progress to cancer.
The procedure is performed in the outpatient setting, usually under local anaesthesia, and takes only a few minutes. The tissue removed is sent to the laboratory to confirm the diagnosis and to check that the edges are clear. The doctor explains the plan after the biopsy result.
Afterwards, watery or blood-stained discharge may continue for a few weeks. Women are advised to avoid tampons, intercourse and heavy exertion for about four weeks, or as the doctor directs. Follow-up testing is needed to confirm that the abnormal cells have gone.
How the Procedure Can Help
It removes abnormal cells and provides a sample for testing, preventing cervical cancer in most cases.
Risks and Considerations
Risks include bleeding, infection and narrowing of the cervix. Removal of a larger area of tissue may slightly raise the chance of preterm birth in later pregnancy. Heavy bleeding, fever or foul discharge afterwards needs urgent review.
Endometrial ablation destroys or removes the lining of the uterus to reduce heavy menstrual bleeding. It is considered for women who have completed their families and whose heavy periods have not improved with medicines.
Before the procedure, the doctor rules out cancer or precancerous changes by sampling the lining and checks the cavity by ultrasound or hysteroscopy. Ablation can be performed using heat, cold, radiofrequency energy or other methods under anaesthesia and takes a short time. Most women go home the same day.
Periods often become much lighter or stop, though results vary. Pregnancy after ablation is dangerous, so reliable contraception is still needed. Watery or blood-tinged discharge may last for a few weeks.
How the Procedure Can Help
It can reduce bleeding significantly, improve quality of life and may avoid the need for hysterectomy.
Risks and Considerations
Risks include infection, bleeding, injury to the uterus or nearby organs and, in some women, persistent bleeding or pain that later leads to hysterectomy. Fever, severe pain or heavy bleeding afterwards needs urgent review.
Tubal ligation is a permanent method of contraception in which the fallopian tubes are blocked, tied or cut so that eggs cannot meet sperm. It suits women who are certain they do not want any more children.
Counselling comes first. The doctor explains that the procedure is meant to be permanent, that it does not protect against infections and that reversal is difficult and often unsuccessful. Reversible options are discussed so that the choice is unhurried and voluntary. The operation can be done by laparoscopy, through a small incision after delivery or at the time of a caesarean.
Women usually go home the same day after a laparoscopic procedure. Mild abdominal and shoulder pain settle within days, and normal activity returns within a week or so.
How the Procedure Can Help
It gives highly effective, long-term protection against pregnancy without hormones.
Risks and Considerations
Risks include anaesthesia complications, bleeding, infection and injury to organs. Rarely the method fails, and if pregnancy occurs it is more likely to be an ectopic pregnancy. Severe abdominal pain, fainting or a missed period afterwards needs urgent attention.
Cystoscopy is an examination of the bladder and urethra with a thin telescope. In women's health, it helps investigate blood in the urine, repeated urinary infections, painful bladder symptoms, urinary leakage and possible bladder injury or abnormal openings after pelvic surgery.
The procedure may be done with local anaesthetic gel or under anaesthesia, depending on the reason. Sterile fluid fills the bladder so the lining can be seen on a screen, and a small tissue sample can be taken if needed. The test usually takes a few minutes.
Afterwards, passing urine may sting, and the urine may be pink for a day or two. Drinking plenty of fluids helps flush the bladder.
How the Procedure Can Help
It gives a direct view of the bladder lining, identifies stones, growths and inflammation, and helps plan treatment.
Risks and Considerations
Risks include urinary infection, burning, bleeding and, rarely, injury to the bladder wall. Fever, inability to pass urine, heavy bleeding or severe pain afterwards needs urgent attention.
