Spinal fusion joins two or more vertebrae so that they heal into a single solid bone. It is used when a segment of the spine is unstable because of a fracture, a slipped vertebra, deformity, tumour or infection, or after extensive decompression that weakens the spine. Screws and rods hold the bones steady while the graft heals.

Before the operation, X-rays, CT or MRI show which levels are involved, and the surgeon explains why fusion is needed in addition to, or instead of, decompression alone. The surgery is performed under general anaesthesia. Screws are placed in the vertebrae, rods connect them, and a bone graft is placed to promote healing. Imaging during the operation helps confirm that the implants are in a safe position.

Recovery takes months. Patients are advised to walk early, avoid heavy lifting and twisting for a period and follow a physiotherapy plan. Fusion removes movement at the joined level, which may place extra load on neighbouring levels over time.

How the Procedure Can Help

Fusion steadies an unstable spine, relieves pain caused by abnormal movement and protects the spinal cord and nerves. It can also correct deformity in selected patients.

Risks and Considerations

Risks include infection, bleeding, nerve injury, implant loosening, failure of the bones to unite and wear in adjacent levels. Smoking and poor nutrition reduce the chance of successful healing. Worsening pain, fever, wound discharge or new weakness after surgery needs prompt review.