Blood conditions often show up as tiredness, pale skin, breathlessness, noticeable bruising, frequent infections or unexplained fever. A complete blood count is usually the first step, followed by iron studies, vitamin B12 levels and other tests as needed. Many cases, such as iron or B12 deficiency, are treated with supplements and with attention to the cause, for example, poor diet, heavy periods or blood loss from the gut.

Treating the number alone is insufficient, since a low count is a sign and not a diagnosis. Complex or unexplained blood disorders are referred to a haematologist for specialist assessment.

Care in this subspecialty includes:

• Evaluation of anaemia and low or high blood counts
• Tests for iron, vitamin B12 and other deficiencies
• Assessment of easy bruising, bleeding or clotting concerns
• Referral for specialist haematology care when needed